[CI] Upgrade macOS to a supported version

[llama90]

Describe the enhancement requested

According to issue, the current macOS (MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET) version is no longer supported and should be upgraded to a supported version.

• reference: https://endoflife.date/macos

  arrow/dev/tasks/verify-rc/github.macos.yml

  Lines 24 to 25 in a88f0cd

  	# Current oldest supported version according to https://endoflife.date/macos
  	MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: "10.15"

• code search result

Component(s)

Continuous Integration

[raulcd]

I did start some work here: #43137
due to: #41696
but I have to come back to it

[llama90]

I did start some work here: #43137 due to: #41696 but I have to come back to it

Oh! It looks like there is already a related issue. This issue appears to be a duplicate, so I will close it.

Thank you for your attention.